## Colorado State University — Pueblo, Spring 2017 Math 156, Introduction to Statistics Course Policies and Procedures

Here is a shortcut to the course schedule/homework page.

Here is a shortcut to the summary table below of components of the grades for this course. [See below for explanation.]

Lectures: MWF 9:05-10am and 10:10-11:05am, both in GCB315 Office Hours: MWF 2-3pm and T10am-12pm or by appointment

Instructor: Jonathan Poritz     Office: GCB 314D     E-mail: jonathan@poritz.net
Phone: 549-2044 (office — any time); 357-MATH (personal; please use sparingly)

Textbook: No (physical, commercial) book is required for this class. If you have accidentally purchased the book which is required for another section of Math 156, feel free to return it, sell it, or keep it for later consultation (it's not a bad book, aside from the price), as you like.

Instead, there will be frequent, substantial, required readings for this class, but they will always be freely available on the 'net — although, of course, you may print out the readings if you prefer to study off of hard copies. These readings will come from a variety of sources, including some created just for this class and others which are widely used, open, electronic resources. Exactly what is to be read, when, is detailed on the HW/schedule page for this course.

Prerequisites: Satisfactory placement exam score or Math 099 or equivalent.

Postrequisites: This course is one of the six classes which satisfy the Quantitative Reasoning Skill of the General Education Requirement. It is also required for the AIM major, the Biology major, the CM program, the Nursing major, and the Mass Communication BS degree, is one required option for the Chemistry major, the Liberal Studies program, and the Social Work program, a prerequisite for MATH 362, MATH 550, and NSG 351, and is one required option for several other classes. Actually, one could argue that a course like this is a requirement for any educated person to understand the modern world.

Course Content/Objective: The Catalog describes it as:

Introduction to data analysis. Binomial and normal models. Sample statistics, confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, linear regression and correlation, and chisquare tests.
In practice, we tend not to get all the way to the $\chi^2$ (that's a Greek letter, written in English as "chi" and pronounced in English like a hard "k" sound followed by the English word "eye") test. A more precise list of what you will know about by the end of this class is:
1. Describing data and distributions
• graphing
• measures of variation
• density curves
• Normal distributions, the 68-95-99.7 rule
2. Relationships in data
• scatterplots
• correlation — the least-squares line
• cautions: extrapolation, hidden variables, "correlation is not causation"
3. producing data
• simple random samples ("independent, identically distributed")
• matched-pair and block designs
• the placebo effect, double-blind experiments
• experimental ethics
4. probability
• outcome space, events, combining events, mutually exclusive events
• independent events
• the Law of Large Numbers
• distributions, cumulative distributions
• random variable
• the situation of repeated Bernoulli trials
• mean (expectation), variance, standard deviation
• sampling distributions
• the Central Limit Theorem
5. confidence intervals (for means with known and unknown population standard deviation)
• definitions
• confidence levels
• critical values on the Normal distribution
• dependence on sample size
• Student's T-distribution
6. hypothesis testing (tests of significance; for means with known and unknown population standard deviation)
• null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis
• test statistic
• p-values

General Education Student Learning Outcomes: This course satisfies the general education mathematics requirement which has the following learning outcomes:

• Critical Thinking – Identify, analyze and evaluate arguments and sources of information to make informed and logical judgments, to arrive at reasoned and meaningful arguments and positions, and to formulate and apply ideas to new contexts.
• Identify questions, problems, and arguments.
• Differentiate questions, problems, and arguments.
• Evaluate the appropriateness of various methods of reasoning and verification.
• State position or hypothesis, give reasons to support it and state its limitations.
• Identify stated and unstated assumptions.
• Assess stated and unstated assumptions.
• Critically compare different points of view
• Formulate questions and problems.
• Construct and develop cogent arguments.
• Articulate reasoned judgments.
• Discuss alternative and points of view.
• Defend or criticize a point of view in view of available evidence.
• Evaluate the quality of evidence and reasoning.
• Draw an appropriate conclusion.
• Quantitative Reasoning – Apply numeric, symbolic and geometric skills to formulate and solve quantitative problems.
• Select data that are relevant to solving a problem.
• Use several methods, such as algebraic, geometric and statistical reasoning to solve problems.
• Interpret and draw inferences from mathematical models such as formulas, graphs, and tables.
• Generalize from specific patterns and phenomena to more abstract principles and to proceed from abstract principles to specific applications.
• Represent mathematical information symbolically, graphically, numerically and verbally.
• Estimate and verify answers to mathematical problems to determine reasonableness, compare alternatives, and select optimal results.

This course is also in gT Pathways. This course is approved in the State of Colorado gT Pathways curriculum as GT-MA1. According to the Colorado Department of Higher Education website, "after starting on you higher education pathway at any public college or university in Colorado, and, upon acceptance to another, you can transfer up to 31 credits of previously and successfully (C-or better) completed gT Pathways (general education) coursework. These courses will automatically transfer with you and continue to count toward your general education core or graduation requirements for any liberal arts or science associate or bachelor’s degree program."

Maximum number of Mathematics credits that are guaranteed to transfer: The total number of Mathematics credits guaranteed to transfer in the gtPathways curriculum is three (3).

Numerical computation: There are a lot of numbers in statistics, and often we want to do fairly elaborate arithmetic with them. We also like to assemble these numbers into pretty pictures (graphs). Both of these processes are made far simpler for the student (and the experienced statistician alike) by using electronic computational devices. There is a whole host of "scientific calculators" available for purchase which will do all of this tedious work for you, and any one you might already have is perfectly fine in this class so long as it has basic statistical functions and graphs — show it to your instructor if you aren't sure.

In addition, feel free to use any computer programs you like which will perform these tasks on a laptop, desktop (when you're home or in a campus computer lab working on homework), or smartphone. There are also many websites and free online tools which will do just fine. Your instructor will show many such tools in class, and is happy to work with you to find a cheap (free!) one that you can use on whichever device to which you have convenient access.

Note that there will be no problem with getting used to some electronic tools and then not having them when you take quizzes and tests since you will be allowed to use whatever devices you like at all times.

The Mathematics Department does have a TI-84 Plus calculator rental program, with a limited number of such calculators available on a first-come, first-serve basis for a non-refundable fee of $20 per semester payable at the Bursar's window in the Administration Building. For more information, contact Tracey Blanco in the Math Learning Center (PM 132). Attendance and workload: Regular attendance in class is a key to success — don't skip class, don't be late. But more than merely attending, you are also expected to be engaged with the material in the class. In order for this to be possible, it is necessary to be current with required outside activities such as doing readings and homework problems: you are expected to spend 2-3 hours on this outside work per hour of class. This is not an exaggeration (or a joke!), but if you put in the time and generally approach the class with some seriousness you will get quite a bit out of it (certainly including the grade you need). If you absolutely have to miss a class, please inform me in advance and I will video the class and post the video on the 'net. You should e-mail me no earlier than a few hours after class (to allow for upload time) asking for the link to that video, and you can then watch the class you missed in the comfort of you home and (hopefully) not fall behind. Classes I have videoed will have the icon next to that day's entry on the schedule/homework page to remind you of the available video. Even if you are not the one who originally requested the video, you may want to watch it (as part of reviewing for a test, maybe) — but you have to e-mail me for the links as the videos cannot simply be found by a search on YouTube. Homework: Mathematics at this level is a kind of practical (although purely mental) skill, not unlike a musical or sports skill — and, like for those other skills, one must practice to build the skill. In short, doing problems is the only way truly to master this material (in fact, it is the only way to pass this course). There will be frequent homework sets assigned and collected. Here are some details: • Homework is due either in class or at my office, no later than 3pm. • Homework is due as sets, but will be graded by problem. Each problem will be worth 5 points. • Note that none of us is actually at all interested in the specific answers to these problems: homework is about learning how to do these kinds of problems; everyone knows that quote about giving someone a fish versus teaching them how to fish. In short, "Showing your work" is not something extra that you can add to a homework assignment — it is the homework assignment. • If we have agreed that homework — and this is true of every thing else you hand in, including quizzes, tests, and ASEs — is a form of communication between student and instructor about what thought process the student is following, then some things are important to make that communication as clear as it can be. For example: • Always define all variables, clearly and completely and with units (if relevant). • Always explain all steps of every calculation you do — this could be something like •$s=17$(from calculator's STD DEV) or •$s=17$(used eqn 3.14 from such-and-such a reading) or •$s=17$(used def$s=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n-1}\sum_i^n(x_i-\bar{x})^2}$from class). • Exception: you can skip explaining a step which amounts to$2+2=4$, or even one where you compute a very basic object from this class after we have been doing it for weeks. E.g., towards the end of semester, you don't need to quote a formula or book equation every time you compute a sample mean$\bar{x}$. • Exception to the exception: on tests, every concept you learned in this class should be defined with a formula the first time you use it. • Experience shows that this issue of explaining your work is often quite difficult for students, at least at first — it is so very different from what you have been doing in math classes for years, probably, and it is hard to break old (bad) habits. But once you get into new (good) habits, they will make this part easy. And this is very important in using and talking about statistics outside of a math classroom. Furthermore, since quizzes and tests will be open-book, there really is very little point in merely checking whether you can plug numbers into a formula: what matters is whether you understand what you are doing, and what it means. • Always label all axes of graphs and parts of diagrams. • Homework assignments appear on the schedule/homework web page on a regular basis. Please get used to going to that page frequently — at least every class day (for special announcements), and certainly before starting your work on a homework set. • Late homework will count, but at a reduced value — generally, the score will be reduced by 20% for each day late, unless you use a Homework Late Pass [see below]. • Exception: Late homework will count as zero, even even if you try to use a Homework Late Pass, when handed in after the next major test (the next hour exam during the semester, and the final for the end of the course). • Exception to the exception: revisions of graded homework [see below] can always be handed in at the next class meeting after the graded work was returned, even if that is after the midterm ending a unit of the class. • After you complete HW0, you will receive a sheet of 10 Homework Late Passes which may be used to hand in homework late but without penalty, subject to the restrictions mentioned above. It is your responsibility to keep track of these passes — don't loose them, they are valuable! Any unused passes may be turned in at the end of the term for general course extra credit. • Your five lowest scores (on individual homework problems) will be dropped. • Please label your homework clearly (make sure you name is there!). If you don't staple pages together, that's fine — just make sure each page then has your name and the assignment title on it. Please cut of the ragged edges of paper which come if you tear your HW out of a spiral-bound notebook. Big Ideas: Part of the Critical Thinking mentioned above is an idea of assimilating material, understanding its assumptions and hypotheses and being able then to articulate them. In order to help you practice this skill, you will be expected to write down (and hand in) a Big Idea [BI] for most classes. This will certainly include all classes in which new material is introduced or a complex idea is further examined, but generally will not include days like test days or review days when nothing new is done. BIs will always be due the very next class. A good Big Idea is a short but complete explanation of a new idea, piece of terminology, formula, or algorithm but is not just an example. Make sure you describe the context and define all variables used in a BI. For example, if in one class we discussed the Pythagorean Theorem, then a good BI to hand in for the next class would be Big Idea: The Pythagorean Theorem tells us that if a triangle has sides of lengths$a$,$b$, and$c$, and if the angle between the sides of lengths$a$and$b$is$90^\circ$, then$a^2+b^2=c^2$. In contrast, the following would be bad BIs: • "$a^2+b^2=c^2$." [Missing all the set-up, including defining variables and stating the hypothesis that it's a right triangle.] • "In a right triangle,$a^2+b^2=c^2$." [Forgot to define the variables.] • "In a right triangle with legs of length 3 and 4, the hypotenuse has length 5." [This is an example, not a general idea.] Note that the content of a BI could come from class, but if you didn't take good notes or missed a class or just prefer to do so, you may use the reading assignment for a particular class as a source of material for a BI. The expectation is that it will take just a class or two to figure out what would make a good BI, after which you should always be getting perfect scores on them for the rest of the term. It will also turn out that if you keep track of your BIs (and don't simply throw them out when they are returned), then stapling together the bunch of them before each quiz or test will create for you a very complete and useful study guide of the important ideas you will have to know. BIs are not part of the Late Homework Pass system, but they can be corrected and resubmitted for full credit. They are graded out of 2 points, as follows: 1. BI not handed in or having no clear idea at all (e.g., if it is an example rather than an idea); 2. BI present and mostly on track, but missing an important piece like a crucial hypothesis or variable definition; and 3. BI present and complete. Quizzes: Most Fridays, during weeks in which there is no hour exam, there will be a short (10-15 minute) quiz at the end of class. These will be "open book and notes," and calculators/laptops/smartphones will be allowed. The quizzes will often be quite similar to a homework problem from that week; if you can do the homework and have been awake in class, you should have no trouble with the quiz. Quizzes are each graded out of 10 points, and your lowest quiz score will be dropped. Applied Statistical Exegeses [ASEs]: Roughly once a week you will write a 1-2 page explanation of a statistical result whose description you found on a website, in an article you read for pleasure or for your studies, in a textbook from another class, or other source you find on your own (after consultation with your instructor). The idea for these write-ups will be to take information of a statistical nature you find elsewhere and to explain it in detail using the terminology and methods of this class — and then to think about it critically and to see if you can offer suggestions for how it might be improved. More information about these ASEs will follow soon. Exams: We will have three midterm exams on dates to be determined (and announced at least a week in advance). Our final exam is scheduled for Wednesday, December 7th from 8:00-10:20am in our usual classroom. All exams will be open book/notes/calculator/laptop/smartphone. Revision of work on homework, quizzes, ASEs, and tests: A great learning opportunity is often missed by students who get back a piece of work graded by their instructor and simply shrug their shoulders and move on — often depositing their graded work in a trash can without even looking at it! In fact, painful though it may be, looking over the mistakes on those returned papers is often the best way to figure out exactly where you tend to make mistakes. If you correct that work, taking the time to make sure you really understand completely what was missing or incorrect, you will often truly master the technique in question, and never again make any similar mistake. In order to encourage students to go through this learning experience, I will allow students to hand in revised solutions to all homeworks, BIs, quizzes, ASEs, and midterms. There will be an expectation of slightly higher quality of exposition (more clear and complete explanations, all details shown, etc.) but you will be able to earn a percentage of the points you originally lost, so long as you hand in the revised work at the very next class meeting. The percentage you can earn back is given in the "revision %" column of the table below. Green points: I am trying to reduce the carbon footprint of my classes. So I ask that you reuse paper whenever possible, by taking any pages you can find that are blank on one side (handouts from other classes, drafts of your work for this or other classes, etc.), putting a big "X" over the previously used side, and doing your HW, ASEs, revisions, etc., for this class on the blank side. To encourage this, I will keep track of how many such reused pages you hand in and they will be worth Green Points extra credit at the end of the term. Note that submitting work electronically is an even more eco-friendly approach. So if you submit any work by e-mail, you will get a Green Point for each page you saved in that way. Grades: On quiz or exam days, attendance is required — if you miss a quiz or exam, you will get a zero as score; you will be able to replace that zero only if you are regularly attending class and have informed me [e.g., by e-mail], in advance, of your valid reason for missing that day. In each grading category, the lowest n scores of that type will be dropped, where n is the value in the "# dropped" column. The total remaining points will be multiplied by a normalizing factor so as to make the maximum possible be 100. Then the different categories will be combined, each weighted by the "course %" from the following table, to compute your total course points out of 100. Your letter grade will then be computed in a manner not more strict than the traditional "90-100% is an A, 80-90% a B, etc." method. [Note that the math department does not give "+"s or "-"s.] pts each # of such # dropped revision % course % 5/prob ≈65 probs 5 probs 75% 15% 2 ≈35 5 100% 5% 12 ≈10 1 75% 12% 1 ≈10 2 75% 15% >100 3 0 50% 36% >200 1 0 0% 17% 1/page ≤200 ? 0 0% XC Contact outside class: Over the years I have been teaching, I have noticed that the students who come to see me outside class are very often the ones who do well in my classes. Now correlation is not causation, but why not put yourself in the right statistical group and drop in sometime? I am always in my office, GCB 314D, during official office hours. If you want to talk to me privately and/or cannot make those times, please mention it to me in class or by e-mail, and we can find another time. Please feel free to contact me for help also by e-mail at jonathan@poritz.net, to which I will try to respond quite quickly (usually within the day, often much more quickly); be aware, however, that it is hard to do complex mathematics by e-mail, so if the issue you raise in an e-mail is too hard for me to answer in that form, it may well be better if we meet before the next class, or even talk on the telephone (in which case, include in your e-mail a number where I can reach you). A request about e-mail: E-mail is a great way to keep in touch with me, but since I tell all my students that, I get a lot of e-mail. So to help me stay organized, please put your full name and the course name and time, like "Math 156 9:05" in the subject line of all messages to me. Early alert: This course is part of CSU-Pueblo's general education program, and participates in the Early Alert program. Early in the semester, information about student performance in this class will be communicated to Student Academic Services. This information is then relayed to faculty academic advisors and to advisors in the first year program. Your advisor may then ask to meet with you to discuss your progress. The program is designed to promote success among our students through proactive advising, and through referral to appropriate student support centers. The effort continues throughout the semester, and instructor concerns can be posted to the Early Alert system at any time. Academic integrity: Mathematics is more effectively and easily learned — and more fun — when you work in groups. However, all work you turn in must be your own, and any form of cheating is grounds for an immediate F in the course for all involved parties. For details of what constitutes academic dishonesty, the processes that are started when it is violated, and your rights in such proceedings, see The Student Code of Conduct. In any case, it is always a good idea to ask your instructor if you want to do something which you are concerned might be, or even might appear to be, an act of academic dishonesty. Nota bene: Most rules on due dates, admissibility of make-up work, etc., will be interpreted with great flexibility for students who are otherwise in good standing (i.e., regular classroom attendance, homework (nearly) all turned in on time, no missing quizzes and tests, etc.) when they experience temporary emergency situations. Please speak to me — the earlier, the better — in person should this be necessary for you. Consequences of Open Book Policy: As noted above, you will always be allowed to use any book, notes, laptop, smartphone, calculator, website, etc. you like during quizzes and tests. Please note that this should not substantially change the way you study for this class, nor does it mean you can afford to read long explanations during a test to make up for the fact that you didn't study — there just isn't time to do this during a quiz. I've seen students who tried to do this fail the class! The best way to think of the open book-policy is that you must know everything, be aware of all the formulæ and how to use them ... only you don't need to memorize every little detail of a formula, because you can check it in your notes or book before you use it on a test. E.g. the open book is good to help you with questions like "was I supposed to divide by$n$or$n-1\$ in the formula for the standard deviation", but not questions like "what in the world is the standard deviation" — if you are asking yourself something like that second question during a test, it is too late to use the book or your notes to get the answer. So: study, but no need to have test anxiety about memorizing the ugly details of all the complicated formulæ.

Words: One warning up front: I believe strongly that students should learn to think in the way of a subject they are learning, not merely that they become sophisticated calculators who can follow recipes. Therefore I will require you to explain all your work on HWs and tests and on the final. This doesn't mean that you have to write essay answers to purely computational questions, but it does mean that you have to tell me a word of two about what you are thinking as you do the calculations. In particular, you could hand in an answer to some problem with just a few numbers, all of which were correct — and get a 0; you could also hand in an answer with a few words explaining your numbers and get full credit, even if all of the numbers were actually wrong. I will try to give you feedback on HWs and in class on this requirement during the term, so that it does not come as a surprise during tests.

Tutoring Help: The Math Learning Center is open all semester, except for the week of Spring Break, through the Thursday of finals week (May 4th), offering registered CSU-Pueblo students free tutoring in math classes from Elementary Algebra to Calculus and Statistics. It is staffed by a Director and student tutors and is located in the Physics and Mathematics building, PM 132 — no appointment is necessary, just walk in and ask for help. The hours of operation are posted at the Center and on this page; typically, they are 8:30am-5:00pm Monday to Thursday and 8:30am-3:00pm on Friday. Note that there are specialist tutors for statistics M8:30-10:05, T12:20-2:25, W8:30-10:05, Θ12:20-2:25, and F8:30-11:10 — at other times there is general math help and the MLC director, if she is there, can help with statistics, but those are the times of the student tutors who specialize in statistics.

Accommodations: The University abides by the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which stipulate that no student shall be denied the benefits of education "solely by reason of a handicap." If you have a documented disability that may impact your work in this class for which you may require accommodations, please see the Disability Resource Coordinator as soon as possible to arrange accommodations. In order to receive accommodations, you must be registered with and provide documentation of your disability to the Disability Resource Office, which is located in the Library and Academic Resources Center, Suite 169.

It is easy to lie with statistics, but it is easier to lie without them.
Frederick Mosteller (1916 - 2006 )

Forecasting is very difficult, especially about the future.
Edgar R. Fiedler (1929 - 2003)
(or maybe the Danish politician Karl Kristian Steincke; a version
is often attributed to the Nobel Laureate Niels Bohr, which is
probably based on another variant which is said to be a "Danish proverb")

Statistical thinking will one day be as necessary for efficient citizenship as the ability to read and write!
Samuel S. Wilks (1906 - 1964), paraphrasing Herbert G. Wells (1866 - 1946)

Luck is probability taken personally. It is the excitement of bad math.
Penn F. Jillette (1955 - )

The only statistics you can trust are those you falsified yourself.
Sir Winston Churchill (1874 - 1965) (Attribution to Churchill is ironically falsified)

Thirty years ago I was diagnosed with motor neurone disease, and given two and a half years to live.
I have always wondered how they could be so precise about the half.
Stephen Hawking (1942 - )

It is commonly believed that anyone who tabulates numbers is a statistician.
This is like believing that anyone who owns a scalpel is a surgeon.
Robert Hooke (1918 - ? .. not the Hooke who was a friend of Newton's!)